In the past the majority of philosophers believed that in the process of perception one is aware of some item, called sense-datum, other than the physical object itself. So if I see a bird, for example, what I am directly aware is something which can roughly be thought of as a bird-image in or before my mind rather than a mind-independent physical bird. On the other hand, the majority of strictly contemporary epistemologists have denied that one need postulate such entities and affirm that we are directly aware of the external world itself. The argument form secondary qualities is one of the important reason brought for sense-datum theory. In this research I shall be arguing that this argument is not conclusive.

The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of college teaching. University Teacher Evaluation Questionnaire (UTEQ) was administered to student at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). This instrument operationalizes four main dimensions in evaluation of teaching in higher education: Teaching plan, teaching implementation, teaching evaluation and interpersonal relationship. A sample of 196 undergraduate students were randomly selected for data collection in teaching quality. The data were analyzed taking into consideration both descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (T test and ANOVA). The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between the level of quality teaching needed and the level of quality teaching existed and   teaching plan was perceived by majority of the respondents as top priority.

The importance of sustainability development for developing countries and their tourism is a major issue. This study presents a new approach and framework for spatial modelling of tourism products potentials (TPP) in their sustainability evaluation. The approach was developed based on the GIS multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and its performance was evaluated for spatial TPP mapping in Tabriz city, Iran. To achieve this purpose, we recognized the main Components of Tourism Development indicators (CTDI) such as attractions, accommodation, services and infrastructures facilities to improving sustainable tourism, and determined their significance using the Geographic information systems (GIS). Furthermore, the uncertainty analyze was applied to diminish the inherent error in criteria weights. A GIS-based aggregation function was applied to discern the TPP map. Finally, the emphasis in this paper investigates the practical usage of GIS for the benefit of sustainable tourism development. In particular, it inquired the possible opportunities and challenges facing the adoption of GIS to assist sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this article is to map and explore existing and potential attractions, tourism services and facilities in Tabriz and to ensure that potential opportunities are available for all tourists to enjoy enjoyable experiences in order to reveal their diverse economic, social, political and cultural benefits. Build on the positive and negative aspects of their construction and present them with appropriate solutions for tourism development that lead to sustainable tourism development and infrastructure improvement.

The maritime transport industry, often referred to as the backbone of global trade, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the movement of goods across international markets. Despite its importance, the industry is plagued by several persistent challenges that hinder its operational efficiency and sustainability. Among the most critical are the imbalance of empty containers, environmental degradation due to emissions and fuel consumption, and inefficiencies in port operations. These issues collectively pose serious implications for cost management, environmental impact, and service reliability. In an effort to address these concerns, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective mathematical model that seeks to optimize three primary goals in an integrated manner: maximizing economic profitability, minimizing the imbalance of empty containers, and enhancing environmental sustainability. The model is designed to reflect real-world shipping dynamics, incorporating the interactions between liner and feeder ships, multiple sea routes, and various types of ports, including hub, feeder, and satellite ports. To demonstrate the practical applicability and robustness of the model, a case study is conducted on a representative shipping network involving selected ports in the Middle East and East Asia. The model is implemented using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), and its outputs are analyzed across three distinct time periods. Results indicate a significant reduction in the number of empty containers, along with concurrent improvements in both cost-effectiveness and environmental performance indicators. Additionally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis underscores the pivotal role of ship capacity in influencing system outcomes. However, it also reveals that improvements in a single dimension are insufficient for holistic system optimization. Effective and sustainable management of maritime transport requires a multidimensional strategy that balances economic, environmental, and operational factors. The proposed model offers valuable insights for decision-makers aiming to improve the resilience and sustainability of global shipping networks.

Introduction: Wisdom is a desired master virtue and a lot can be learnt from the qualities and personality traits of wise individuals. Philosophers and psychologists have attempted to understand the qualities that make an individual wise because wisdom entails a life of personal growth and maturity. Keeping the benefits of wisdom in mind, the present study investigated various virtues and personality traits that characterize it. Method: Wisdom was studied in relationship with Big Five Personality Traits (extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness) and Virtues (wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence) among a sample of 360 Indian adults in the age range of 18-75 years. Pearson’ s product moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted with wisdom as the criterion variable. Cross-sectional predictors of wisdom were also found across the three age groups i. e. young adults, middle aged adults, and older adults. Results: Results revealed that humanity, transcendence, extraversion and wisdom and knowledge virtues account for 29% variance in wisdom in the total sample. The virtues of wisdom and knowledge and openness personality trait emerged to be the most significant predictors of wisdom in young adults (n=120) and accounted for 17% variance. Middle-aged adults (n=120) reflected transcendence, temperance and humanity virtues as significant predictors of wisdom accounting for 41% variance. The older adult group displayed transcendence as the only significant predictor of wisdom accounting for 5% variance. Conclusion: The present study indicates that in order to develop wisdom, one needs to inculcate healthier personality traits of openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, humility, forgiveness, ego transcendence, gratitude, hope, playfulness, humor, kindness, curiosity, judgment and perspective-taking abilities.

Knowing the aggravating qualities of the crime has important effects in determining the criteria for the diagnosis of serious crimes. The types of aggravating factors include the general factors of aggravation, which in Iran's criminal law are exemplified only in the two factors of multiplicity and repetition of the crime, and specific factors, which are divided into objective factors and personal factors. The existence of crime is always dangerous for the people of the society, but in some cases committing a crime in the form of its frequency and repetition is considered a special threat. In this situation, in order to prevent such crimes from being committed, the legislator has to enact special provisions in the form of increasing the punishment in order to establish justice in the society. Multiplicity and repetition is one of the general causes of punishment escalation because it is not specific to specific crimes and if it is found in any crime, it causes the punishment to be intensified. This article, by using the analytical descriptive method, while comparing the ways of intensifying the punishment, tries to find out the nature of the qualities. To identify the aggravated crime in the laws of Iran and England.